Origin
Native to the western Atlantic Ocean, from Nova Scotia to Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean (introduced).

Visual & Functional Appeal
Stocky body with a grayish-silver hue and subtle blue-green tones. Eyes set high on the head and a prominent dorsal trigger spine give it a prehistoric, armored look.

Purpose
Serves as a centerpiece in predator or species tanks. Acts as a scavenger and helps control populations of smaller crustaceans and invertebrates.

Importance
Their high intelligence and interactive nature make them engaging for experienced aquarists. However, their size and aggression limit compatibility.

Included Resources
Requires strong filtration, heavy-duty rockwork, and secure lids (jump risk). Powerheads may be needed to simulate active swimming zones.

Best Use Cases
Predator tanks, large FOWLR (Fish Only With Live Rock) systems, or public aquarium-style displays with other robust, non-delicate species.

Conservation Context
Some regions have placed size and catch limits due to population pressures. Not aquacultured. Ethically sourced specimens should be prioritized.

Ideal Aquatic Animals
• Groupers and snappers
• Lionfish and puffers
• Large wrasses
• Moray eels
• Not suitable with coral or small inverts

Region (A)
• Latitude: 30.6954° N
• Longitude: -88.0399° W
(Gulf of Mexico – Mobile Bay, Alabama)

Region (B)
• Latitude: 17.0832° S
• Longitude: -39.2642° W
(Eastern Brazil – tropical Atlantic coast)